Resistance to psychologization in the novel Tom Jones Essay

Resistance to psychologization in the novel Tom Jones - Essay Example Keeping in accord to the theme of argument in the paper that the narrator in the novel The History of Tom Jones often withholds information about the psychological traits of his character these observations are highly relevant. The limits of psychologization in the novel not only stops emergence of Tom Jones are a complete human character but also it affects the constructional themes of the novel from the perspectives of theme, narrative and characterization. The character of Tom Jones in the novel deserves special critical treatment and discussion because he can be regarded as a bridge between the themes of conventional medieval romanticism and the future course of the tradition of novel writing with special focus on the analysis of human psychology. While the narrator has quite carefully resisted the temptation of indulging within the psychologization of the protagonist by withdrawing information about his interior thoughts, on the other hand, he also has provided subtle hints to t he traits of psychological disturbance of the character under specific situations. Observing this trait feature in Fielding’s writing, Evans Lansing Smith has quite aptly suggested that â€Å"Henry Fielding’s novel †¦ stands at a crucial turning point in our survey of the hero in literature. While looking backwards to the traditions of the medieval romance, Tom Jones carries the conventional symbolism of the Classical epic †¦ forwards into the future, anticipating a long line of novels in our tradition which combine realistic or historical detail and mythic symbolism† (Smith 195). The relevance of Psychologization in the context of novel writing: The critics like Frances Ferguson are of opinion that psychologization of characters in novels not only helps readers to follow aesthetics of the narrative from the perspective of an outsider, but at the same time it helps them to receive understanding of the characters as well as flow of the novel from quite a personalized perspective. One of the basic principles regarding the technique of novel writing is to incite readers to enjoy tension of characterization and plot development. A novelist can effectively use his narrative skills to develop the tension by emphasizing on the psychologization of characters. Frances Ferguson in this context has opined that narration of the psychological complexity of character in a novel â€Å"†¦does not at all directly express mental states but rather relies on the contradiction built into the formal stipulation of them. Psychological complexity, that is, pits the stipulated mental state against one’s actual mental state †¦. Psychology is the ongoing possibility of the contradiction between what one must mean and what one wants to mean† (Ferguson; Cited in Macpherson 123). This observation not only attracts attention in the context of explaining Fielding’s narrative retrain of Tom’s character, but at the same time also finds support from Dr. Johnson’s special emphasis on the importance of explaining characters in terms of manner and nature (Watt 261). Ian P. Watt explains that â€Å"‘Character of manners’

If Money doesnt Make You Happy; Then Your Not Spending It Right Critique Essay Example for Free

If Money doesnt Make You Happy; Then Your Not Spending It Right Critique Essay The belief that money lead to ultimate happiness was circulated among mankind and perceived as the essence of life, this can be seen in the quote: â€Å"Money makes the world go round†. Upon reading this quote , one begins to think that money is the everlasting physical material that brings happiness. However, Money is only tangible and can disappear overnight. William Durant, founder of GM and Chevrolet, said â€Å"Money is only leaned to a man. He comes into the world with nothing and leaves with nothing†. This indicates how one spends this tangible curse to pursue the thought of happiness. Throughout Dunns writing, the thought that spending money in a diverse manner brings happiness appears in numerous positions and to emphasis this stand it firstly appears in the title , â€Å"If Money Doesn’t Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren’t Spending It Right†. Happiness-according to Dunn- through money, can be decanted through 8 different â€Å"Principles†: 1) Buy more experiences and fewer material goods. (2) Use ones money to benefit others rather themselves (3) Buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones (4) Eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance (5)Delay consumption (6) Consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day-to-day lives (7) Beware of comparison shopping (8) Pay close attention to the happiness of others. These are semi accurate ways spending money the right way and I agree with most of them; yet, some of these point I find quite contradicting. Because the nature of mankind does not agree with such perfect attributes and that one must obtain to have a more enjoyable life. Principle 1: Buy more experiences and fewer material goods. This is the utmost correct statement ever known to man when they want to spend money. The point directs us to a human natural instinct: boredom. Once a human is bored or tired of something, then that person will get rid of that object. For example; a plasma TV was bought , and it is an enjoyable device to a certain point. The TV owner would want to replace that TV with something productive and more efficient. This principle is showing that instead of buying something tangible and replaceable, one should consider something more everlasting like a memory of going to the lake fishing. Memories are not forgotten; they riddle and disintegrate over time but immortal as long as one keeps up with these  memories. Principle 2: Use ones money to benefit others rather themselves. In my opinion, this is only achieved with a perfect world containing angles as its citizens. The reality is that money isnt spent due human nature greed. There are still some saints in the world that are willing to give their wealth to the unfortunate but At the end of the day one must put into consideration that bills must be paid at the end of the month and food must be placed on the table at the end of the night. According to CNN Money Network statistics, 28% of all Americans have emergency savings savings that will last for 6 months. which means when 72% of the population lose their jobs living necessary will be excluded with if they dont find another job in less than a month. viewing it from a different perspective ; 72% of Americans live from paycheck to paycheck. With whatever there is leftover it is either going to the person or children’s saving account or for a trip for themselves or family. The author indicated the feeling and satisfaction one gets when helping someone for example donating to others as a warm or irreplaceable feeling. Principle 3: Buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones. Understanding this means that smaller pleasures last longer or become more embedded into our mines and life styles; due to the fact that, these small pleasures are more frequent and enjoyable. For instance, one might go out with a colleague for coffee every morning just about every day-supposing that one has an innocent crush on the other; it is better than going to that person out of the blue and asking the other for dinner. first, you have made a common ground with that natural frequency of $5 a day for two cups of coffee- so that means that you are less likely to be rejected completely. second, it is cheaper than one impressive dinner that might be in the $80-$90 dollar range. This is true to a certain point; if you have a family trip every year to the most casual tourist traps could be a lot more cheaper than one big one every two years to some where exotic and fun. I have personally performed interviews with people from the upper, middle , and lower classes. surprisingly the upper and lower class citizens both have the same mentality; which was frequent but cheap trips. The reasoning behind this -in my opinion- is to break the cycle of work, and sleep. Even though the middle class is known to everyone of being the hard working class . looking at the middle class, they prefer one big trip every once a year. this  shows that they first must insure themselves and their family before performing any drastic moves. Principle 4: Eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance. People must have some kind of insurance to back the citizens up against any miscellanies accidents from heart attacks to explosions. the problem lies within the citizens themselves. as we hear through the media that almost 20% of Americans dont have insurance; for instance if a family member had a bad illness then all of the member in that family would suffer the consequences of the medical bill. Due to medical prices nowadays, if youre not insured than get prepared for the worst once an accident happens. Principle 5: Delay consumption. The very straight translation of this is in one quote: dont spend what you dont have. Marketing is a technique to lure the innocent and naive to falling prey to these falls advertising from the big monopolies. this point is the second most important point that humans do not realize. debt is something no one should endure and struggle through; it might be a grace if done once or twice for example: car loans, mortgage, credit cards. however, it will be the inferno once a standard Joe does not keep up with his bills because then all of those payments plus the interest on them will engulf that person till he/she is worn out or dead. Principle 6: Consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day-to-day lives Third most important principle -in my opinion; finding the effects of irresponsible spending on someones life. this shows that one must know what theyre going to buy before and the effects of that purchase. There is a local quote: Do not shop at a grocery store when youre hungry. the meaning behind this quote links most of these principles together; if you shop when youre, most likely:1) youre going to buy a lot (2) once you buy a lot then you do not know how much your spending, (3) most of that food you bought you will eat but some will be thrown away. Principle 7: Beware of comparison shopping. this principle shows how one of the fallacies come into place: ad hominem. online shopping lets you compare products from different manufactures and compare them together. wondering how ad hominem comes to place; lets take this example: Joe wants to buy a car but he does not know what to look for; so he goes to an online website that can compare cars together. The first car he looks at is awesome but it has a leading competitor so the car manufactures put the flaws in that leading competitor car, and vice versa.  they both attack each other than using the positive attributes of each car are. it is a psychological brain attraction; by altering the context of the paragraph -by choosing the right words- the customer is in their grasps. Principle 8: Pay close attention to the happiness of others. this simply means that one must consider other peoples opinions before buying a product or service. this is also considered to be an ad hominem and moral equivalence; the reason is because we rely on hearsay not actual facts. it is a way of marketing to discredit an institution of whatever and whomever it is. The essay shows how spending money in certain ways can be effective to ones life style; bringing about more happiness according to Dunn through 8 Principles. the problem with that is that human nature most of the time cannot be predictable; so generalizing how one should spend their money to achieve happiness is not the way to going about; more like it is how can one achieve happiness at minimal spending.

The Importance of Fear in Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Importance of Fear in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Fear plays an important role in Shakespeare's tragic play, Hamlet. Within the play, the main character, Hamlet, attempts to overcome his fear and fulfill his father's revenge. Hamlet's apprehension toward death prevents him from carrying out the murder of Claudius. Although confrontation with death is avoided for as long as possible, Hamlet comes to recognize his weakness, and faces this anxiety.    Displaying an 'antic disposition', Hamlet first attempts to side step his trepidation by feigning madness. After meeting with his fathers proposed ghost, Hamlet attempts to distance himself from the thought or evidence of death. Hamlet notifies his friends, Marcellus and Horatio, of his plan to distract the kingdom from his real intentions. Although Hamlet proposes this as a way to fool those in Denmark, in the last lines of his meeting with Horatio and Marcellus, he curses that this revenge be placed upon him. This is the first indication of Hamlets reluctance to perform murder. Hamlet then returns to Claudius and Gertrude, at the castle, and acts out his madness for them and for the visitor, Polonius.   Upon speaking to Polonius, Polonius picks up upon Hamlets 'madness', yet decides that this unnatural nature is because if Ophelia's behavior toward Hamlet. Indication of Hamlets fear is presented when Polonius asks leave of the prince. Hamlet then states that Polonius can take any thing from him, anything but his life. Hamlet repeats thrice this idea of taking anything 'except [his] life.' Not only does this indicate how compulsive Hamlets fake insanity is becoming, but how afraid he is of dying. During the 'To be or not to be' soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates his view of death. As he go... ...nd bear the 'burden' of his fathers retribution.  Ã‚  Ã‚      Sources Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 1-10. Danson, Lawrence. "Tragic Alphabet." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. "Hamlet: A Document in Madness." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Goldman, Michael. "Hamlet and Our Problems." Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Hamlet. Ed. David Scott Kaston. New York City: Prentice Hall International. 1995. 43-55 Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128   

The Odyssey as a Hero Journey Essays -- Odyssey Hero Heroes Essays

"All of us have similar experiences. We share in the life journey of growth, development, and transformation. We live the same storiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the trappings might be different, the twists and turns that create suspense might be different from culture to culture, the particular characters may take different forms, but underneath it all, it's the same story, drawn from the same experiences"(Linda Seger, Creating Myth, 1). All people face trials and tribulations throughout their life. Thus, what defines one from one's fellow human beings is not the trials themselves, but how one overcomes the challenges along the journey, as well as the psychological and physical lessons one learns from the actions engaged. Heroes, as depicted in literature, often face the same trials the common man must face, and learn the same lessons, but their actions, reactions, and events are magnified to mythic proportions. Thus, the common man and the mythic hero both follow what Joseph Campbell calls "The Hero's Journey," which is used as a tool to describe the framework for many of the most famous myths of all time. While the story of the Journey first manifested itself in the ancient myths and legends, it is still relevant to contemporary society, the basis for almost all of the books and plays we read. For example, J.R.R. Tolkien's, The Hobbit, an epic fantasy adventure in which Bilbo Baggins, the connection for the reader to the fantastical world the book takes place in, is called to action and set in motion on his Hero Journey by Gandalf, a wizard. Another example of a famous myth following this archetypal framework is The Odyssey. Homer's epic story, The Odyssey, of the hero Odysseus and his son Telemakhos follows closely the cycle of Joseph Campbell's Hero Journey, as summarized by Linda Seger, both as a physical and psychological undertaking. The hero journey begins with a catalyst entering the hero's life, that calls him to adventure. The hero must be summoned on his journey by some force, either external (the will of another person) or internal, (the need for self-growth). The call is followed by the hero's refusal to leave a safe place, such as his home. He must be convinced that the undertaking is worthwhile, and must then, and only then, after he has agreed to take the journey, embark on it. Odysseus' journey begins twenty years prior to... ...hysical prowess, but learns the psychological lessons of survival. Using these lessons he can climb above the rest, a more mature and capable man, able to use all of his abilities together to lift himself and those around him closer to greatness. Thus is Odysseus truly a hero, as are all those who would strive for greatness in themselves and peace and justice for their homeland and family. "The cosmogonic cycle is now to be carried forward not by the gods, who have become invisible, but by the heroes, more or less human in character, through whom the world destiny is realized. The archetypal heroes become less and less fabulous, until at last, in the final stages of the various local traditions, legend opens into the common daylight of recorded time"(Joseph Campbell). Works Cited Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. 2nd ed. Princeton: Bollingen, 1968. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles; Intro. Bernard Knox. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Seger, Linda. "Creating the Myth." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th ed. Ed. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003. 316-325. The Odyssey as a Hero Journey Essays -- Odyssey Hero Heroes Essays "All of us have similar experiences. We share in the life journey of growth, development, and transformation. We live the same storiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the trappings might be different, the twists and turns that create suspense might be different from culture to culture, the particular characters may take different forms, but underneath it all, it's the same story, drawn from the same experiences"(Linda Seger, Creating Myth, 1). All people face trials and tribulations throughout their life. Thus, what defines one from one's fellow human beings is not the trials themselves, but how one overcomes the challenges along the journey, as well as the psychological and physical lessons one learns from the actions engaged. Heroes, as depicted in literature, often face the same trials the common man must face, and learn the same lessons, but their actions, reactions, and events are magnified to mythic proportions. Thus, the common man and the mythic hero both follow what Joseph Campbell calls "The Hero's Journey," which is used as a tool to describe the framework for many of the most famous myths of all time. While the story of the Journey first manifested itself in the ancient myths and legends, it is still relevant to contemporary society, the basis for almost all of the books and plays we read. For example, J.R.R. Tolkien's, The Hobbit, an epic fantasy adventure in which Bilbo Baggins, the connection for the reader to the fantastical world the book takes place in, is called to action and set in motion on his Hero Journey by Gandalf, a wizard. Another example of a famous myth following this archetypal framework is The Odyssey. Homer's epic story, The Odyssey, of the hero Odysseus and his son Telemakhos follows closely the cycle of Joseph Campbell's Hero Journey, as summarized by Linda Seger, both as a physical and psychological undertaking. The hero journey begins with a catalyst entering the hero's life, that calls him to adventure. The hero must be summoned on his journey by some force, either external (the will of another person) or internal, (the need for self-growth). The call is followed by the hero's refusal to leave a safe place, such as his home. He must be convinced that the undertaking is worthwhile, and must then, and only then, after he has agreed to take the journey, embark on it. Odysseus' journey begins twenty years prior to... ...hysical prowess, but learns the psychological lessons of survival. Using these lessons he can climb above the rest, a more mature and capable man, able to use all of his abilities together to lift himself and those around him closer to greatness. Thus is Odysseus truly a hero, as are all those who would strive for greatness in themselves and peace and justice for their homeland and family. "The cosmogonic cycle is now to be carried forward not by the gods, who have become invisible, but by the heroes, more or less human in character, through whom the world destiny is realized. The archetypal heroes become less and less fabulous, until at last, in the final stages of the various local traditions, legend opens into the common daylight of recorded time"(Joseph Campbell). Works Cited Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. 2nd ed. Princeton: Bollingen, 1968. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles; Intro. Bernard Knox. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Seger, Linda. "Creating the Myth." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 4th ed. Ed. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003. 316-325.

Position paper on General “Billy” Mitchell Essay

1.This paper addresses the demonstration of General â€Å"Billy† Mitchell’s USAF core values of service before self and integrity. General Mitchell displayed these core values in the face of adversity. He was one of the few airmen who knew the potential of the airplane and fought for his beliefs, even at the cost of his own career. 2.General Mitchell exhibited great courage and placed his service before himself during interservice rivalries following World War I. Even though he knew that his views would be greatly opposed, views that the Navy was obsolete, the Army was not fully effective without an â€Å"air force†, and that the air service was an offensive force equal to the other services, he presented his opinions to congress. He challenged the Navy and proved the effectiveness of air power by sinking Navy battleships. The General’s defiance and outspoken beliefs infuriated many leaders of the Navy and Army. In 1925, his insistent attempts for a separate air force resulted in a demotion to Colonel. Later that year, the dirigible Shenandoah crashed. General Mitchell blamed military leaders for â€Å"incompetence and criminal negligence†. This outcome of his accusations was his own court martial on October 25, 1925. 3.General Mitchell represented integrity and perseverance by continuing his crusade for a separate air force, despite the setbacks he had endured. He met with public leaders and tried to gain support for his campaign. He improved his doctrine of air power, concepts and strategy, and he published material supporting strategic bombing. 4.General Mitchell is a hero in USAF history. He manifested the core values of the USAF to the highest degree, reflecting great credit upon himself. His work opened the eyes of many that were blind to the impending importance of airpower and ultimately paved the way for a separate, independent, United States Air Force.

Database Environment Paper Essay Essays

Database Environment Paper Essay Essays Database Environment Paper Essay Essay Database Environment Paper Essay Essay In the concern universe. the usage of many different types of databases is non merely platitude. but an indispensable portion of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations. A database is a structured aggregation of information that is stored on a computing machine or waiter that allows the informations to be rapidly accessed. analyzed. and allows the ability for questions to be run. The usage of a database allows concerns to greatly increase efficiency accessing informations and truth keeping informations. The Sacramento Capital Art Museum is presently in demand of a database to accurately track the graphics. the name of the creative person. and each piece of graphicss location. Before traveling any farther. it is of import to analyse the type of environment that you are working with. Database Environment A database environment describes all of the hardware. package. informations. processs. and forces that you are working with. It straight relates to a undertakings range and boundaries ( portion of the DBLC ) . as the boundaries are contained within the environment. Sacramento Capital Art Museum is a comparatively new museum that was established in 2012 by a group of devouring art aggregators populating in the capital metropolis. As a consequence of this. there is non any type of established database presently running inside of SCAM. While Excel databases have been used by employees on and off. there is nil that is for good kept on a public thrust. The demand to track all the graphics throughout the museum is a direct consequence of a piece of valuable art that was misplaced. Presently. the museum has 20 employees. each with their ain work Personal computer. There is a little waiter that is kept in house that shops the company’s information and is accessible by all work PC’s via a alone user login. The company is unfastened to utilizing any type of DBMS that will suit Database Environment Paper 3 their demands. I have chosen Microsoft Access as the DBMS for SCAM. Microsoft Access is a â€Å"tool for assemblage and understanding all of your information†¦and supplying a convenient manner to come in. navigate. and describe your informations. † ( Microsoft SQL and Access. 2014 ) We will be utilizing a relational database for this undertaking. A relational database was developed in 1970 by an IBM research worker named E. F. Codd. ( What are relationship databases. 2001 ) With a relational database. information is stored in unvarying. Alternatively of one long. level line of information. information is stored in tabular arraies. This allows informations to be represented in columns and rows. This type of representation of informations allows for speedy comparings. kind information by entity or property. They are referred to as relational databases because of the ability to utilize the relationship of other similar informations to increase the velocity and overall versatility of the database. Because of the type of informations used for this database. a relational type would do the most sense. This DBMS will besides let for easy database care. SCAM presently wants all employees to be able to entree the database. while merely leting 10 of the 20 employee’s entree to modify the database. Access will be given via alone personal logins and all entree to the database will be monitored and logged in an effort to discourage larceny. Properties and Entities An entity is a individual. topographic point. or thing. or construct about which informations can be collected. ( Attributes. n. d. ) An property describes the facts. inside informations. or features of an entity. For this undertaking. the entities we are utilizing are the single pieces of graphics. the name of the creative person. and the location of the graphics. The properties that we are utilizing are the type of art. the beginning of the creative person. whether it is stored or on show within the museum. Using a information modeling attack. such as the entity relationship theoretical account ( ER ) that was created by Peter Pin-Shan Chen. allows for the proper conceptual procedure to be laid out prior to the existent building of the database. Database Environment Paper 4 Essentially. it is a database design of how everything will be mapped out. During this procedure. you want to guarantee that all the entities and attributes you wish to stand for are logically and briefly laid out. Once the database is mapped out. building of the database can get down. In the terminal. the database will be able to give the employees of the Sacramento Capital Art Museum immediate entree to the location of every piece of art in the museums detention. The employees will be able to run questions to happen out particulars about the art. For illustration. if they wanted to make an exhibit on Chinese art. they could run a question to happen all the art that originated from China within their aggregation. Database Environment Paper 5 Mentions â€Å"Microsoft SQL and Access† ( 2014 ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. computerhouse. com/microsoft- sql-and-access/ â€Å"What are relational databases? † ( 2001 ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //computer. howstuffworks. com/question599. htm â€Å"Attributes† ( n. d. ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. teach- ict. com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/attributes_entities/miniweb/pg3. ht

Translate Your Own Stories †Perks for the Multilingual Writer

Translate Your Own Stories – Perks for the Multilingual Writer If you are fluent in more than one language, you may want to consider translating your own manuscripts. Here are six reasons why you should give it a try. 1 Practice makes perfect The good news is you dont need to be a professional translator to tackle a translation project. While I happen to hold a degree in translation, I learned that it is something you become good at with practice, just like writing. And being a writer, you already have a solid foundation of knowledge and techniques that will help make the process easier. The trick, of course, is not to make your writing sound like a translation. Otherwise, dont bother sending it to Hope (or most editors, for that matter). I have it on good authority that this will not endear her to your work! 2 Spot and eliminate flaws If your story or article is unpublished, translating it into another language allows you to take a step back from your work and see it from a different perspective. Its an excellent way to pinpoint flaws and weaknesses. For instance, if a sentence does not translate well, theres a very good chance that it is poorly written. Simply rewrite it until it flows smoothly in both languages. As you go along, you will sharpen your editing and revising skills as well. 3 Boost your creativity Translating your own unpublished manuscripts is not as restricting as translating texts that have appeared in print (either yours or someone elses) or which have been requested 4 Double your chances of success 5 Give your stories a second life If a particular piece is already published, check your contract to make sure you have retained the translation rights. If so, you will be free to approach new publishers in your target language. In this instance, you may not have as much creative leeway during the translation process, but you will still be able to strengthen weak words and sentences in the translated text. 6 Get unstuck Finally, if you are stuck for inspiration or suffering from writers block, translating your own stories can help you get back in the flow. You wont have to deal with a dreaded blank page or wrestle your muse for inspiration - but it could lead you to new ideas and opportunities!

Saddam is still in power essays

Saddam is still in power essays A decade passed on and Saddam is still in power. Economic sanctions, containments, no-fly zones, organizing opposition groups and attempts to stir up coups have all failed to loosen Saddams grip on power. Instead the tactics that have been used to oust Saddam since 1991 have created an Iraq that will be a source of instability in the middles east for years to come. First, the Bush administrations basic goal after the Gulf War was to overthrow Saddam. (Using post-war constraints, like sanctions and no-fly zones.) They aimed at keeping the regime weak to promote Saddams overthrow. The question always was what were the risks in leaving Saddam in power versus the risk in ousting him. Bush believed that Saddam (Sooner or later) would be overthrown in a coup making it time for new leader and a new beginning. And if this didnt happen then the Bush administration was prepared to overthrow him by other means. However, this did not happen because Clinton changed that policy. The policy toward Iraq basically consisted of maintaining sanction rather than actually making an effort to overthrow Saddam. If saddam Hussein were overthrown Iraq could break up as a result of civil war or more radical regime could rise. If the US had managed to kill saddam, his replacement could be even more virulently anti-US then he is. The US could have brought in one of the leaders of opposition outside Iraq, but there is no guarantee that such person would get any support from the Iraqi people. Since he is backed by the west, which undermines his credibility within Iraq. Another reason for not overthrowing saddam is the risk that Iran or Syria could have filled the power vacuum and both of them are not pro US. Therefore, the US could have unintentionally contributed to Irans strength, including getting access to Iraqs oil wealth. The US was hoping that the sanctions would cause an internal rebellion against ...

Explain the future of Global Aviation which includes regulation, Essay

Explain the future of Global Aviation which includes regulation, economics and organizational entities involved - Essay Example The root of crises at the level of air carriers and aviation industry is fragmentation, one of the major weaknesses of airport management is a monopoly in the provision of services and ground service and refueling. Another problem, the complexity of current state of civil aviation and prospects of its development is the lack of transparent and economically viable national system of rates for airport fees and tariffs. The rates for airport fees and tariffs do not match the quality of services provided. In conjunction with practiced monopoly suppliers of kerosene in airports are extremely negative impact on the regularity and profitability of the airlines, often resulting in delays and the cancellation of flights, and sometimes for an end to the flights of individual carriers from any airport. International experience shows that the competition in the global airline industry, aviation industry and organization / management of air traffic can not develop completely independently and requires strong and coordinated support to the state. This calls for an early launch a comprehensive program of reform and greater coordination of the management industry in the new national project. Governments should adopt and consistently enforce the set-up that includes economic incentives and administrative practices aimed at consolidating the industry. This should set clear and transparent criteria under which these airlines should be enlarged. There should be the market of specialization airlines (as they enlarge) - domestic / international, local / long-haul, cargo / passenger transport. Such specialization should meet the needs of the population and the economy and meet the profile of the carriers(Baldwin, 1999). It is necessary to realize the strategy of building a national network of airports, combining ticks carrying

EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT-Competition Essay

EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT-Competition - Essay Example Such markets have been seen to offer new competition law challenges especially when there are new emergences for business platforms. Also attached to the same is the fact that there have been identification of the extent to which freedom for private law right has to rights and contracts of property (Egli 2005: 235). The main consideration in this aspect is on how these can be reconciled especially following demise of states offering important services to their citizenries alongside replacement of the same services on the basis of communal requirements accruing from either state or private initiatives. The European Union competition law’s background is pinned on aims and goals which were looked forward into by the European Union of establishing a single market for European Union Member States. So as to achieve this, a transparent, compatible and fairly homogenized framework of regulation of competition law was created. An act of Council Regulation was brought into existence thr ough constitutive legislation process. This was developed during evolution of European Commission’s supremacy law which was not yet established. ... ontrol of Dominance The European Union competition law came into being following the need to ascertain that government efforts were not altered with by corporations which mostly abuse market power. Following this, treaties reached on through European Union are a provision intended for ensuring that there is a liberalized competition prevailing within the union (Collignon 2007: 172). This is further meant to discourage monopolies and cartels who engage in fixing of prices and sharing out of markets. The European Union competition law operates through four major policy segments which according to Akman (2009) include: Mergers, control of proposed mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures involving companies that have a certain, defined amount of turnover in the European Union/European Economic Area. This is governed by the Council Regulation 139/2004 European Commission (the Merger Regulation); Monopolies or preventing the abuse of firms' dominant market positions. This is governed by A rticle 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article also gives rise to the Commission’s authority under the next area; State aid, control of direct and indirect aid given by European Union’s Member States to companies. Covered under Article 107 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; and Cartels or control of  collusion  and other practices on anti-competition  that affect the European Union (or, since 1994, the European Economic Area). This is covered under Articles 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Union competition law was developed with goals which mainly number into two schools of thought yet not clear. Main opinion and view pertaining to these is that the only relevance is in consideration of

Changes in National Security Policy with Iran in the Bush and Obama Research Paper

Changes in National Security Policy with Iran in the Bush and Obama Administration - Research Paper Example The US government has changed the foreign policy after the incident of 9/11 2001. Before 9/11 the US policy aimed at creating a protective shield for the prevention of terror attacks on the US soil or people by organized terror groups such as al-Qaeda which has been notorious for being a creation of the CIA and other mass propagandized organizations having origins in the Middle East. After 9/11 the US has changed its foreign policy aiming for active pre emptive military intervention in the targeted nations and pursued a war having no end. The war on terror drama is now set to targeting Iran on the accusation, yet to be proven, that the Theocracy has nuclear ambitions despite the assurances given by Tehran that the country has no ambitions to possess nuclear weapons and only pursues nuclear power for productive purposes. Iran has been considered a hostile state by the US since the last three decades. Ever since the Islamic revolution took place in Iran in 1979 the foreign and national security policies issued by all the presidents of the US till today contained plans and strategies for tackling with Iran as threat to the security of the USA. The security policy of the US government of Iran has been more or less consistent for the last ten years and continues to be so. The national security policy under Bush administration and Obama administration is reviewed in this article and analyzed to reach a reliable conclusion indicating clearly the intent and plan of action of the US government towards Iran which is subject to international sanctions and pressure from the international community including the political and economic powers of modern day. The audience for this work of research includes students of politics, international relations, and other related fields of study along with many other individuals who happen to have interest in

Global Banking Operations and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Banking Operations and Strategy - Essay Example The bank lost its resilience and resistance capabilities (The Telegraph, 2014). Credit was one of the failed segments of RBS. RBS consistently relied on credit trading, which due to high economic crises build up, brought more damage to RBS’s existence. The bank needed to sideline the credit segment, which had lesser opportunity and more market risk (Treanor & Bowers, 2011). The weakness lied in RBS operations, which consistently failed to manage the net returns of the bank. The leakage of cash due to poor banking operations, RBS was unable to stabilize its cash growth (Risk Business International, 2011). RBS always had low capitals in its financial cupboard. The bank due to small capital resource was never able to put hand on major market segments. This made bank rely on small segments such as credit trading or bonds investment, which had more risk and lesser income return (BBC News, 2013). RTT News, 2014. European Markets Decline, RBS Drops On Results. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March 2014]. The Telegraph, 2014. RBS report: the main points. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March 2014]. Treanor, J. & Bowers, S., 2011. RBS failure caused by multiple poor decisions. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March

THE LOTTERY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE LOTTERY - Essay Example In this case, Jackson questions this tradition implicitly by stating that the villagers are not very conscious about the actual lottery but still continue to conserve its tradition (Jackson 7). The writer reveals how rationalizing such a primal tradition makes it difficult to view any rituals involved as anything but hypocritical. As a result, only readers can see the madness of this tradition by the villagers. The theme of tradition is very applicable today. Much emphasis and emotional value is placed on yearly celebrations such as Christmas and New Year’s Day. On top of these emphases, consumerism marks both traditions and impairs any rational judgment required to rethink their rue values to society. Christmas today cannot be celebrated without overindulging in shopping behavior and bodily consumption to the extent that shoppers get violent when products sell out in stores. I think society’s blind adoption of excessive consumption during Christmas as a tradition allows it cover its ears to any logic and has ultimately become part of its

Global Banking Operations and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Banking Operations and Strategy - Essay Example The bank lost its resilience and resistance capabilities (The Telegraph, 2014). Credit was one of the failed segments of RBS. RBS consistently relied on credit trading, which due to high economic crises build up, brought more damage to RBS’s existence. The bank needed to sideline the credit segment, which had lesser opportunity and more market risk (Treanor & Bowers, 2011). The weakness lied in RBS operations, which consistently failed to manage the net returns of the bank. The leakage of cash due to poor banking operations, RBS was unable to stabilize its cash growth (Risk Business International, 2011). RBS always had low capitals in its financial cupboard. The bank due to small capital resource was never able to put hand on major market segments. This made bank rely on small segments such as credit trading or bonds investment, which had more risk and lesser income return (BBC News, 2013). RTT News, 2014. European Markets Decline, RBS Drops On Results. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March 2014]. The Telegraph, 2014. RBS report: the main points. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March 2014]. Treanor, J. & Bowers, S., 2011. RBS failure caused by multiple poor decisions. [Online] Viewed at: [Accessed 17 March

Allegiant Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allegiant Report - Essay Example In 2007 the net margin (net income / sales) of the company was 8.74%. Based on the company yearly growth prediction of an above 10% the company was not able to meet its profitability targets, but it still perform better than the industry average of about 2% (Bachman). One of the weaknesses of the company’s growth strategy is that it does hedge adequately against the risk of higher fuel costs. In the article the readers of the material learned that the company utilized a fleet that was on the average 18 years old. The utilization of old inefficient planes hurt the company’s operating efficiency. A company that takes great pride in its ability of lower costs has an inherent and systematic deficiency in its cost structure. Gasoline represents the second largest costs for a typical airline after only the cost labor of the airplanes crews and administrative personnel. Another business risk of the company is its dependence on middle class as its primary business prospect. The firm is forgetting about the virtues of targeting business travelers. A higher retention rate of business clients could help the company create value over time. Ratio analysis is a financial diagnostic tool that can help an business analyst determine the financial performance of a particular common stock or privately owned business. In fiscal year 2007 the debt to equity ration of Allegiant was 0.93. The metric is good because the company has more total equity than total debt. In comparison with the industry standard of 1.48, the company has a more flexible capital structure that can be utilized in the future to acquire capital and spur further growth (Dun & Bradstreet). The firm’s quick ratio (current assets / current obligations) is even better at 1.75. A low current ratio decreases the business risk for an investor because it provides assurances that the company can meet its current obligations. The company most likely issue corporate paper at such as

Islam and Religious Group Essay Example for Free

Islam and Religious Group Essay †¢Religious groups (based on http://religions. pewforum. org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions. pdf) oChristianity †¢Evangelical Protestant †¢Mainline Protestant †¢Historically Black Churches †¢Roman Catholic †¢Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) †¢Jehovah’s Witnesses †¢Orthodox (Greek, Eastern) oJudaism (Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform) oBuddhism (Theravada or Mahayana) oIslam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism) oHinduism †¢Ethnic groups (based on divisions in U. S. Census Bureau documents) oAsian (Asian descent) oBlack (African descent). oHispanic and Latino (South or Central American descent) oPacific Islander (Polynesian descent) oWhite (European descent) Part III Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the religious group you selected: †¢How does your selected religious group differ from other religious groups (such as in their beliefs, worship practices, or values)? †¢What has been the experience of your selected religious group with others that do not share its beliefs or practices? †¢In what ways has the religious group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Provide specific examples of prejudice or discrimination your selected religious group has experienced. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this religious group help you understand it? In what ways? Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the ethnic group you selected: †¢How does your selected ethnic group differ from other ethnic groups (such as differences in ancestry, language, or culture)? †¢What has been your selected ethnic group’s experience with other ethnic groups? †¢In what ways has the ethnic group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Identify some specific examples of prejudice or discrimination that your selected ethnic group has experienced historically. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this ethnic group help you understand it? How? Part IV Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each: †¢How are the prejudice and discrimination experienced by your selected religious group and ethnic group similar? †¢How are they different? †¢Can you draw any conclusions about discrimination from this comparison.

Concurrency Control In Distributed Database Systems Information Technology Essay

Concurrency Control In Distributed Database Systems Information Technology Essay Concurrency control is a very important issue in distributed database system design. This is because concurrency allows many transactions to be executing simultaneously such that collection of manipulated data item is left in a consistent state. Database concurrency control permits users to access a database in a multiprogrammed fashion while preserving the illusion that user is executing alone on a dedicated system. Besides, it produces the same effect and has the same output on the database as some serial execution of the same transaction. Concurrency control in distributed system is achieved by a program which is called scheduler. Scheduler help to order the operations of transaction in such a way that the resulting logs is serializable. There have two type of the concurrency control that are locking approach and non-locking approach. In term of locking approach, two-phase lock is widely used and purpose for centralized or distributed database system. Before distributed database systems accessing some part of database, it must adopt a locking mechanism such as each transaction has to obtain a lock. After that part is locked by other transaction, the access request will be block and the transaction who making reauest has to wait. Two-phase locking will cause the deadlock problem. This locking induces high communication cost because of the deadlock problem. Whereas in term of non-locking approach which is divided into two type which are Timestamp ordering (TO) and Serialization Graph Testing (SGT). Timestamp ordering utilizes unique transaction timestamp for determining the serialization order. It divided into three different modes that are basic, conservative and optimistic modes. For Serialization Graph Testing, it has been most attractive log class until 1987 because it is known as the largest known class of serializable logs. There are some limitations that can found in those two approaches. However, there are some solution that can used to solve the problem and will be discuss more detail in the below. 2. Type and the issue of concurrency control 2.1 Two -phase locking Two -phase locking is a widely used concurrency control technique to synchronize accesses to shared item. Each data item has a lock associated with it. The scheduler will first examine the associated lock before a transaction (T1) may access a data item. If there is no transaction holds the lock then the scheduler will obtains the lock on behalf of T1. When another transaction T2 hold the lock, the T1 has to wait until T2 to gives up the lock. The scheduler will give the T1 the lock after the T2 release the lock. Scheduler must ensure that there is only one transaction can hold the lock at a time and only one transaction can access data item at a time. They are two types of locks associate with data item that is read locks and write locks. Figure 1 below show that the transaction T1 and T2 follow the two-phase locking protocol. Figure 1: Transaction T1 and T2 with 2-phase locking protocol However, there is an important and unfortunate property of two-phase locking schedulers is that they are subject to deadlocks. For instances, the classic deadlock situation in which neither of two processes can proceed that is one must release a resource and the other one needs to proceed. Besides that, deadlock also arises when the transaction try to strengthen read locks to write locks. To ensure that there is no transaction is blocked forever, the scheduler needs a strategy for detecting the deadlock. In addition, two-phase locking is suffer from sensible delays due to a node needs to send message to all nodes and must receive acknowledgement from all nodes to discover a deadlock. The messages will exchange between nodes to get decision of transactions commit. The whole system will stop since not discover the deadlock immediately and a natural of distributed system make deadlock treatment very difficult. Moreover, the message that due to commit and deadlock treatment make high traffic on network which is makes need of special kind of networking. Time Figure 2: A spatial schedules of T1 and T2 in state of deadlock T1 wait for T2 to release read lock on y2 T3 wait for T1 to release read lock on x1 T2 wait for T3 to release read lock on z3 Figure 3: A wait-for graph for the spatial schedule of Figure 2 There are two type of graph that show as above which is a spatial schedule of T1 and T2 in the state of deadlock. Another graph show that the wait for graph for the spatial schedule of the figure 2 above. Each node of the graph represent the transaction, the edges represent the waiting for relationship. Furthermore, concurrency control also deals with starvation. The starvation occurs when a particular transaction consistently waits or restarted and never gets a chance to proceed further. In a deadlock resolution it is possible the same transaction may consistently be selected as victim and rolled-back. This type of limitation is inherent in all priority based scheduling mechanism. The wound-wait scheme a younger transaction may always be aborted by a long running older transaction which may create starvation. Besides that, the two phases in locking method also may cause to dirty read and cascading abort. The problem of dirty read is arises when assume T1 and T2 are executed interleave. For this condition, the T1 will get the exclusive locks for record. Supposedly, T1 release locks immediately after doing updates while T2 acquires that locks and does its update. If the T1 fail before it commits due to certain of reason, then it will return value to original value. T2 will continue to its execution with uncommitted data and this will cause an error on the system result. On the other hand, the problem of cascading abort arises when if a transaction aborts. There may have some other transaction already used data from an object that the aborted transaction modified it and unlocked it. If this happen, any such transaction will also have to be aborts. 2.2 Timestamp ordering technique Timestamp is a monotonically increasing variable indicating the age of an operation or a transaction. The larger of the timestamp values indicate that more recent event or operation. Timestamp ordering technique concurrency mechanism were considered suitable for distributed database systems since transaction to be rolled back can be determined locally at each site. It involves a unique transaction timestamps in place of conventional locks. This technique is based on the idea that an operation is allowed to proceed only if all the conflicting operations of older transaction have already been processed. For instance, when a transaction accesses an item the system will check whether the transaction is older than the last one which is accesses the item. If this is the case that transaction proceeds, otherwise ordering is violated and the transaction is aborted. Besides that, the serializability of the transaction is preserved and requires knowledge about which transaction are younger tha n the others. In the implementation of a distributed timing system, each site in the distributed system contains a local clock or a counter. This clock assumed to tick at least once between any two events. This event within the site is totally ordered. If the total ordering of event at different sites, it need to assigned a unique number to each site and the number is concatenated as least significant bits to the current value of local block. Moreover, each message contains the information about the local time of their site of origin at which the message is sent. There are many concurrency control method on timestamp ordering technique. One of the method is basic timestamp ordering (BTO) which is for each data item x, the largest timestamp of any write operation on data item x and the largest timestamp of any read operation on data item x which are denoted by R_TS (x) and W_TS (x) respectively. The basic timestamp ordering technique is easy to distribute and the transaction to be aborted will immediately be recognized when the operation are being scheduled. This type of method will not deal with deadlock problem because the locks are not used and operations are blocked. Hence, an atomic commitment mechanism is necessary to provide the reliability. 3. Improvement of issue concurrency control 3. 1Deadlock resolution The preceding implementation of two-phase locking makes the transaction to wait for unavailable locks. When the waiting is uncontrolled will cause a deadlock. The situation of deadlock can be characterized by wait-for graph, that graph indicates which transaction is waiting for which other transaction. There are three type of general technique are available for deadlock resolution that are deadlock detection, deadlock prevention and timeout strategies. 3.1.1 Deadlock Detection Deadlock detection is a transaction wait for each other in an uncontrolled manner and is only aborted if a deadlock occurs. It can be detected by explicitly constructing a wait-for graph and searching it for cycles. Victim which is one transaction on the cycle will abort when cycle is found and thereby breaking the deadlock. There are a few victim selection criteria will be consider. First is the Current Blocker, this current blocker will pick the transaction that blocked the most recently. Secondly, Random Blocker which is a process of picks a transaction at random from the participants in the deadlock cycle. Third is the Min Locks that is to pick a transaction that is holding the fewest locks. Fourth is the Youngest which is picked the transaction with the most recent initial startup time. Lastly is the Min Work and responsible to pick the transaction that has consumed the least amount of physical resources (CPU + I/O time) since it first began running. In order to minimize the cost of restarting the victim, usually the victim is based on the amount of resource that use by each of transaction on the cycle. Each of the two-phase lockings scheduler can be easily construct the waits-for graph based on the waits-for relationships local to that scheduler. But this is not efficient to characterize all deadlocks in the distributed system. To increase the efficiency, more global wait-for graphs have to combine with local waits-for graph. For the centralized two-phase locking will not have this type of problem since there only consist of one scheduler. In order to construct global waits-for graph, there consist of two techniques which are hierarchical and centralized deadlock detection. For the hierarchical deadlock detection, the database sites are organized into hierarchy with deadlock detector to each node of the hierarchy. Deadlock divided into many sites. Deadlock involve a single site are detected at that. Whereas deadlock involve more than two sites of the same region detected by the regional deadlock detector. On the other hand, one site is designated the deadlock detector in the centralized deadlock detection. Every few minutes, each scheduler has to send its local wait-for graph to the deadlock detector. Then the deadlock detector combines the local graph into a system wide waits-for graph by constructing the union of the local graph. Although both of the technique mention above differ in detail but it involve periodic transmission of local waits-for information to one or more deadlock detector sites. 3.1.2Deadlock Prevention Deadlock prevention is a cautious scheme in which transaction is restarted when the system is afraid that deadlock to be occurring. In the process of deadlock prevention, the scheduler will test the requesting transaction which is name (T1) and the transaction that currently owns by the lock (T2) when a lock request is denied. When T1 and T2 pass the test, T1 is permitted to wait for T2 as usual. Otherwise, one of the two is aborted. There are a few prevention algorithms that are Wound-Wait, Wait-Die, Immediate-Restart and Running Priority. In the Wait-Die prevention algorithm, if a lock request from transaction T1 leads to a conflict with another transaction T2, then T1 started time earlier than T2 and block the T1 otherwise will restarted T1. The deadlock prevention will know as nonpreemptive if T1 is restarted. By this technique deadlock are impossible since there is only one transaction can be blocked by a younger transaction. In the Wound-Wait algorithm, if T1 started running before T2 then restarted T2 otherwise blocked T1. This type of algorithm is known as preemptive which is older transaction run though the system by killing any one that they conflict with and continues waiting onlt for older conflicting transaction. The scheduler must ensure that T1 wait for T2 so that deadlock cannot occur. There is a better approach can be assign priorities to transaction and to test priorities to decide whether T1 can wait for T2. If T1 has the lower priority than T2 then T1 will wait for T2. When they have same priorities, T1 cannot wait for T2 or vice versa. This test will prevents the deadlock to occur since every edge in the waits-for graph T1 has a lower priority than T2. In addition, the Immediate-Restart algorithm also will overcome the deadlock by simply restart T1 since there is no transaction is ever blocked. Besides that, preordering of resources is a type of deadlock avoidance technique that used to avoid restarts altogether. It requires predeclaration of locks which mean that each transaction obtains all its locks before execution. The priority of transaction is the number of the highest number lock on it and the data item are numbered and each transaction request locks one at a time in numeric order. Although this techniques can avoid the deadlock occur but it forces locks to be obtained sequentially which is tends to increase response time. 3.1.3 Timeout strategic In the timeout strategic, a transaction whose lock request cannot be granted is simply placed in the blocked queue. When the wait time exceeds some threshold value then the transaction will restarted. Timeout will restart transaction that involves in deadlocks in the detection strategies whereas in prevention strategic it may also restarted some transaction that are not involved in any cycle. 3.2 Strict 2 Phase Locking (S2 PL) In order to prevent cascading problem and dirty read, Strict 2 Phase Locking mechanism is apply. The executed transaction holds all its lock to the every end until it is committed or aborts. For the dirty read, the executed transaction does not release any of exclusive locks until it commits or aborts. S2PL has important role in the two phase locking problems. In first time transaction it need a lock on a data item, acquires it and all locks of a transaction released together when the transaction terminates and has a few resource wasting. Figure 4 below show the S2PL mechanism. Figure 4: S2PL mechanism 3.3 Ordering by Serialization Number (OSN) method There exists a new method for concurrency control in distributed system which increases the level of concurrent execution of transaction and known as ordering by serialization number (OSN). The deadlock is prevented by this method since it works in the certifier mode and uses time interval technique in conjunction. In order to provide serializability, it combines with time interval technique with short term locks. Scheduler is distributed and the standard transaction execution policy is assumed. The read and write operations are issued continuously during transaction execution. The write operations are performed on the private copies of the data that issue by the transaction. The transaction is certified and its operation will applied to database when a validation test is passed by the transaction at the end of transaction. Otherwise, the transaction will restart if the test validation is not passed. To find the serialization number for a transaction, the largest serialization number of certified transaction will read item x. The largest serialization number of certified transaction which have written item x will record along the data item x which is known as RSN(x) and WSN(x). There consist of four types of short term locks in this OSN method that are R-lock, W-lock, Certified Read lock, Certified Write lock. The R-lock and W-lock normally used when read or write the data item. It responsible to protect the data item forms two conflicting operations of concurrent transaction. Whereas Certified Read lock (CR-lock) and Certified Write lock (CW-lock) are used during the validation test while a transaction is searching for a valid time interval. These lock are held until either the transactions operation are applied to the database or the transaction is aborted. The deadlock of short term locks is prevented by a few steps. Firstly, R-lock or W-lock is obtained at any order. Since transaction do not require any other lock before releasing a particular R-lock or W-lock deadlock does not appear. Secondly, employing the preordering for deadlock avoidance can prevent the deadlock of the CR-lock and CW-lock respectively. Although this method requires the access set of transaction to known in advance but this disadvantage eliminated in the OSN method. This is because CR-lock and CW-lock requires by the time of certification. Besides that, if a transaction requires both CR-lock and CW-lock on data item x the system will grants them both when both of these locks are requires at once. 4. Conclusion In this study, the performance of concurrency control protocol on top of a comprehensively modeled high-speed network is evaluated. It found that there exist of some issue within the concurrency protocol such as deadlock and starvation in the two-phase locking. The weaknesses that occur in another concurrency protocol that is timestamp ordering. By the way, there are also discussing about the effective way to make improvement of the concurrency control by using three types of deadlock resolution to solving the deadlock problem. The deadlock resolution included deadlock detection, deadlock prevention and timeout strategic. Furthermore, a precise definition of deadlock in term of existence interval of an edge is given and these help provide a better understanding of deadlock detection is distributed system. Besides, this paper also discuss the complete specification of a secure version of two phase locking protocol. The interaction between the protocol and the standard failure recovery procedures were discuss and modification to the commit and restart procedures were proposed. 5. Reference Abdou R. Ali and Hany M. Harb, Two Phase Locking Concurrency Control in Distributed Database with N-Tier architecture, 2004. S. M. Wu and D. L. Pan, FUTURE TREND ON CONCURRENCY CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTED DATABASES SYSTEM DESIGN , 1988. Sang H. Son and Rasikan David, Design and Analysis of A Secure Two-Phase Locking Protocol, 1994 Shapour Joudi Begdillo, Fariborz Mahmoudi and Mehdi Asadi, Improving Strict 2 Phase Locking (S2PL) in Transactions Concurrency Control, 2007 PHILIP A. BERNSTEIN AND NATHAN GOODMAN, Concurrency Control in Distributed Database Systems, June 1981 RAKESH AGRAWAL, MICHAEL J. CAREY, MEMBER, IEEE, AND LAWRENCE W. McVOY, The Performance of Alternative Strategies for Dealing with Deadlocks in Database Management Systems, 1987 UGUR HALICI AND ASUMAN DOGAC,MEMBER,IEEE, Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases Through Time Intervals and Short-Term Locks,1989

Hacking :: Essays Papers

Hacking Computer Crime It's the weekend, you have nothing to do so you decide to play around on your computer. You turn it on and then start up, you start calling people with your modem, connecting to another world, with people just like you at a button press away. This is all fine but what happens when you start getting into other peoples computer files. Then it becomes a crime, but what is a computer crime really, obviously it involves the use of a computer but what are these crimes. Well they are: Hacking, Phreaking, & Software Piracy. To begin I will start with Hacking, what is hacking. Hacking is basically using your computer to "Hack" your way into another. They use programs called scanners which randomly dials numbers any generating tones or carriers are recorded. These numbers are looked at by hackers and then used again, when the hacker calls up the number and gets on he's presented with a logon prompt, this is where the hacking really begins, the hacker tries to bypass this anyway he knows how to and tries to gain access to the system. Why do they do it, well lets go to a book and see "Avid young computer hackers in their preteens and teens are frequently involved in computer crimes that take the form of trespassing, invasion of privacy, or vandalism. Quite often they are mearly out for a fun and games evening, and they get entangled in the illegal use of their machines without realizing the full import of what they are doing", I have a hard time believing that so lets see what a "hacker" has to say about what he does "Just as they were enthraled with their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge.", as you can see the "hacker" doesn't go out to do destroy things although some do. It's in the pursuit of knowledge. Of course this is still against the law. But where did all of this start, MIT is where hacking started the people there would learn and explore computer systems all around the world. In the views of professional hacking is like drugs or any other addictive substance, it's an addiction for the mind and once started it's difficult to stop. This could be true, as hackers know what they are doing is wrong and they know odds are they will be caught.

The California Wetlands Essay -- Wetlands Environmental Nature Essays

The California Wetlands Smelly, insect infested, and disease ridden are many words that people have used to describe the attributes of wetlands in our country. Until recently it was thought that wetlands served very little use as a part of our ecosystem. However, as the developers began to drain and destroy these wetlands in order to build housing developments and commercial buildings environmental scientists emerged from the woodwork. These environmental scientists found the value and absolute necessity for wetlands and brought it to the attention of politicians. The politicians are the only ones who could slow the destruction of wetlands with their policies. Before the politicians could begin to construct policies to protect the wetlands they needed the scientists to give them a good working definition that they could use to classify wetlands. This is a very difficult process since many wetlands are transitional meaning that they may appear wet or dry according to the season. However in 1987 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers published guidelines to classifying wetlands. The criterion included that wetlands must contain hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. M. Dennison et. al. 1993 With this new information politicians were able to legally define wetlands with the Clean Water Act, which states: "The term ‘wetlands’ means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas." Through the study, classification and legal defining of we... ...o be able produce a synthetic ecosystem the scientists must be able to observe what an ideal naturally occurring wetland looks like. With the mass desecration of California wetland it is near impossible to find an intact wetland. Most wetland scientists construct these synthetic wetlands be a theory of how things "should be" if they were not previously contaminated by influences (i.e. abusive farming, golf courses, housing developments, and recreational vehicles (i.e. Gas guzzling boat, waverunners, etc.) In conclusion it is simple to see why the destroyed wetlands should be repaired. Not only would the function of the wetland resume, but all of the surrounding humans would benefit from cleaner water and a flood overflow container. However, it is slow process informing the public of why they should leave a swamp intact instead of building more bay front property.

Cultural Influences on Love

But when Is love ever true and committing? That Is why American tradition values marriage; the supposed full-term commitment of love and care. B) Sexual intercourse between partners is usually considered as love. Sex is valued as a freedom, and anyone could participate in sexual relationships. Even when someone isn't married or together, our American tradition views it as a natural incident. I believe love could just be caring deeply for someone and supporting them. Though someone once told me that love doesn't exist; it's just a made-up hooch!C) Transition: Consequently, people can catch sexually transmitted diseases and the false assumption that sex is love, and can destroy a persons life. That assumption is usually obtained from the mass media. II. American culture also influences love by mass media. America is known for its mind-shaping media which includes television, newspapers, music/radio stations, and especially the internet. A) It is a fact that the American society has alw ays been influenced by the mainstream media. We see or hear opinions and facts on TV or radio that others eave broadcasted.Most people give information that is most likely based on unfounded assumptions or unreasonable views. Love Is a topic that Is controversial In terms of how we should go about It. B) The media has portrayed love In many different aspects. In movies and TV shows love might be shown as a sacred and personal relationship between a husband and wife, or that special night for a teen couple on the mountain peak. Sex Is often mistaken as true love In the media. For example, I never had sex with my ex- relined and I truly loved her.Today, our views on love can be Influenced by networking such as Namespace, Twitter, or Faceable. C) Transition: However, all of these Influences and Ideas are biased, and can prove to be misleading. Society shouldn't believe everything In the media (or others). That is why American culture is based on individual freedom. America. We have the right to decide and think for ourselves on any topic or any action we choose. A) Today, American citizens have the right to choose who they can love or have sexual intercourse with.Whether it be a husband/wife or boyfriend/girlfriend, we can decide. B) Individual freedom also gives us the right to decide if a loving relationship isn't so loving. For example, a chaotic marriage. Couples can file for a divorce if agreed upon. Transition: Definitely, No matter how you view it, love should be honest and true. It should be pure, whether in a sexual relationship, marriage, or friendship. Love is a valued term and emotion that American culture has influenced by tradition, freedom, and the mass media.

Customer Lifetime Value †A Case Study Essay

A Your manager asks you what you think might explain the differences in p, r, and AC between the three groups. What would you say? i Group 1’s higher â€Å"p† could be due to the fact that this group of students doesn’t have the meal plan that undergrad students who live on (or close to) campus have. Additionally, some MBA students may have longer classes than the typical undergad student, especially on weekends. The MBA students may be more inclined to buy more food to save and snack on during class sessions. The retention probability through a certain time â€Å"r† is expected to be higher for undergrad students who live on or closer to campus and can easily walk to the sandwich shop. MBA students still have a high retention rate, but following the completion of their MBA program, they’re less likely to drive to Ike’s for food since they commute to school (especially if they have a good sandwich shop from where they commute). Regarding â€Å"AC†, the cost to promote Ike’s for people familiar with the area (Group 2) is expected to be lower because the Bay Area natives already have some knowledge of Ike’s. The â€Å"AC† for Groups 1 & 3 are higher because Ike’s must promote their business to people who have most likely never heard of the sandwich shop through ads, Facebook, or coupons. b What do you think could be done to improve CLV for any of the groups? Describe a specific action that can be taken by Redhead and explain how it alters the variables and CLV in the table for one or more groups. ii I expected the CLV for Group 3 to be higher considering the distance from the school. It could be so low due to the meal plan those students might have, but by decreasing the â€Å"AC† from 25 to 20, â€Å"CLV† will increase from 2. to 7. 5. The can be done by focusing their advertising efforts aimed at students to strictly on campus efforts. Perhaps they could also utilize social media for free advertising and introduce a â€Å"punch card† where after a certain amount of sandwiches bought, the customer can get a free one. This would possibly help increase the retention rate of all groups, especially Group 1 where these MBA students don’t have an on campus meal plan and often look for good food and money saving incentives off campus. Additionally, if the retention rate for Group 1 went from . 0 to . 825 through the use of the â€Å"punch cards† and even coupons for a free drink or chips, the CLV would increase from 7 to 11. 667 – almost putting Group 1 even with Group 2. And if the retention rate for Group 3 went from . 825 to . 85 through the use of the â€Å"punch cards† again, the CLV would increase from 2. 5 to 6. 875. I believe that by using more free social media advertising (decreasing AC) and increasing retention rate â€Å"r† through â€Å"punch cards† and coupons, the CLV for all groups will increase.

Theory of Continental Drift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of Continental Drift - Essay Example Some of the evidence gathered in the last part of the twentieth century to support the theory of continental drift includes the glacial till deposits. With the continents in their current locations, the till deposits tend to point towards an inconsistent glacier kinesis. Fitting the continents together reveals a more reorganized motion of the glaciers from the southern Africa region to northern Australia outward (Bugielski, 1999). Paleontologists discovered fossils of species that bore similarities to other species that are in continents now isolated by enormous distance. Paleoclimate studies, a science dealing with the study of the earth’s climate in the periods past discloses that glaciers stretched over large tracts of the world which are now rendered apart by colossal geographic spans. This evidence appears to point to the fact that the lithosphere had been travelling over geologic time. A Paleomagnetic study, which investigates the Earth,’s past magnetic activities also tend to strongly support the theory of continental drift. Studies show that the magnetic north pole apparently strolled all over the earth, indicating that either the tectonic plates or the North Pole was moving. But because the North Pole is in effect fixed with the exception of cycles of magnetic reversal, this evidence becomes a strong endorsement of the theory of continental drift. More evidence surfaced in the wake of World War II when seismometers were set up to check nuclear testing. These gadgets revealed that volcanoes and earthquakes aligned along apparent belts around the globe and that these belts delineated the boundaries of tectonic plates. Scientists rejected Wegener’s ideas then because he did not explain why and how the continents moved, he just provided observational evidence that they had indeed moved. In the absence of reasonable physical mechanism to support continental drift, many scientists simply found the idea unacceptable. Back in his times, ma ny scientists were of the conviction that the structure of the earth was because of the earth going through successive phases of heating and cooling that resulted in the expansion and contraction of landmasses (Aber, 2007). If they were to believe Wegener’s theory, it would mean that they would have to forget everything that they had learnt and start all over again. As time passed, increasingly more evidence supporting continental drift became available and more practitioners had to align themselves with this new sphere of knowledge. These ideas accentuate the theory of an ocean floor that evolves and repositions. This theory is popularly known as Plate Tectonics. Scientific method relates to techniques for probing events, obtaining new and novel knowledge and re-examining the earlier knowledge and beliefs. The key attribute that differentiates a scientific method from any other method of knowledge acquisition is the fact that knowledge is gained through evidence and proof. S cientific method comprises four main stages: The first is the examination and explanation of phenomena followed by the construction of a theory to account for the same phenomena. The third stage is the use of the theory to, quantitatively, predicts the outcome of new observations. The final stage is the piloting of thoroughly conducted experiments on the predictions by several competent and impartial experimenters and finally a conclusion regarding the outcome of such experiments

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci and Jacopo Tintoretto Term Paper

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci and Jacopo Tintoretto - Term Paper Example Focusing on the theme of the last days of Christ's life, Leonardo da Vinci makes it clear that the ideals of humanism are extremely important to him. The compositional structure of the painting created between 1495 and 1498 corresponds to the aesthetic principles of humanism. The symmetrical organization of the picture confirm this. Jesus is the central figure and six of the apostles are sitting on the left and right of him. In general, the apostles are divided into four groups of three. Behind Jesus, one can see three windows that visually enlarge the space, while there are four doors or curtains on the left and right sides of the picture. All this is consistent with the principles of humanity in relation to the organization of the space. However, the influence of humanism is not limited to these items. Its main value is observed in a special emotionality of the images. Da Vinci has made a special emphasis on the reaction of the apostles in response to Jesus' words about the fact th at one of them would betray him. The phrase â€Å"One of you will betray me† causes a different reaction from all the apostles and this reaction is expressed by a variety of their gestures and facial expressions. In other words, â€Å"together with facial attributes and expressions these gestures depict the essential character of each apostle†. â€Å"These reactions are quite specific to each apostle, expressing what Leonardo called the ‘motions of the mind'†. In spite of the expressivity of these images, the painting shows a certain order.

Hospitality - chinese student palcement Dissertation

Hospitality - chinese student palcement - Dissertation Example One of the initial steps in building a strong foundation for an organization is through recruiting competent and reliable individuals who could perform well as individuals while lining their outputs with the goals of the organization. Without a shadow of a doubt, this is something every organization should find highly relevant to ensure their continued success and capability to compete in the market. It goes without saying that no organization ever attained their level of success by relying on employees with substandard skills and performance; nor did any of them manage to stay competitive by hiring employees unable to maintain a consistent level of output. This being the case, it would be instinctual – practically second nature – for organizations to go for those applicants who exhibit the greatest skill and/or potential, or to train them to achieve an ideal level of competence. Organizations that fail to do this should themselves prepare to fail. It is important to no te that employers are able to pick out individuals with high potential out of a pool of applicants. Thus, several recruitment practices are followed by employers. In certain cases where an employer has biases, Chinese applicants often have lowered chances of getting enlisted. With the growing need for highly capable individuals, employers have narrowed their eyes into spotting well-rounded applicants who could fill the needs of the organization (Bloch, 1994). This has become a major issue especially for individuals who belong in the minority, who in this case are the Chinese graduates. This gave rise to various forms of discrimination in the recruitment practices of employers (Bloch, 1994). Acquiring highly capable individuals are not the only problem of an employer; employee retention has also become one of the greatest problems among organizations. In the broad sense, employee retention refers to the effort of the employer to retain present employees in their workplace (Carsen, 20 05). Employers are faced with the challenge to minimize employee turnover. Typically, this is done through hiring and training practices along with efforts to increase employee job satisfaction (Connell and Phillips, 2003). Additionally, organizations that were able to hire highly competent employees value the capabilities of such employees, since they are able to perform well while attaining both their professional goals and the objectives of the organization (Connell and Phillips, 2003). Thus, losing such effective individuals could lead to poorer workforce performance. It has become a great challenge for Chinese graduates to look valuable in the eyes of the employer. To achieve this, Chinese individuals must be trained well especially through their educational backgrounds. The Advanced Placement program is a great opportunity for Chinese students to learn the operations and processes that occur in their chosen disciplines, which in this case is the hospitality business. There is a need to identify the weaknesses of Chinese students in order to address their issues through various training programs especially the Advanced Placement program. Moreover, in order for Chinese employees to be of value to their organization, they must be well-prepared so that they could perform productively, effectively and efficiently. It is very important for Chinese students to have a solid educational background that would equip them with the skills needed to perform well in the Hotel industry. Research Objectives This study aims to

Describe and evaluate its role in understanding the psychology of Essay

Describe and evaluate its role in understanding the psychology of adult learning of Personality - Essay Example a greater understanding of the psychology of learning and development, as applied to educational contexts. Adult education promotes the development of adults in a variety of domains--cognitive and intellectual, social and emotional. Psychology has an important role in the field of adult education. The word Psychology originated from the two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’ which means soul and science respectively. Psychology was the study of soul earlier. Then it was modified as study of mind and now it is the study of behavioral changes. According to the modern psychologists, behavior includes all those activities of an individual which can be observed by any person with or without the aid of an instrument. Psychology has several branches of study. General psychology, abnormal psychology, Industrial psychology, Development psychology, Child psychology, Adult psychology, Clinical psychology, Educational psychology are some of them. It is interesting to note that adult educators have, traditionally, been interested in understanding the different â€Å"styles† or modes of learning that adults demonstrate much more so than they have been in understanding or assessing cognitive and intellectual abilities. This has taken place despite the fact that the psychological research fails to find compelling evidence for quantitative as opposed to qualitative differences in these learning styles. There is no evidence to support some adult educators’ claims that instruction which is designed to capitalize upon an individual’s preferred manner of learning. Still, as adult educators have often pointed out, psychologists have generally been more concerned with understanding the â€Å"average† or â€Å"typical† performance of a group of learners rather than focusing on the phenomenological experience of the individual learner. And, historically, psychologists have

The impact of knowledge sharing on Hotel Industry effectiveness in UK Literature review

The impact of knowledge sharing on Hotel Industry effectiveness in UK - Literature review Example This, in turn, can have positive implications for London hotels, restaurants and the tour operators and increase their overall profitability. However, the number of hotels keeps increasing and the competition becomes tougher as the market share gets divided among a large number of players, which decreases profitability of individual hotels. From the current trend, it transpires that the hospitality market shows a mixed response and factors such as region and sector do exercise a crucial influence in determining the trends in profits. Similarly, the profitability in certain regions and sectors may be reflecting the impacts of certain temporary phenomenon such as some major events and the consequent surge in tourist flow rather than a sustainable change in market structure. On the other hand, the advent of computer and internet technologies has facilitated an environment where hotels have access to about â€Å"1000 times more data than a decade ago† and hotels can make use of it for furthering their business (Toedt 2013:15). In a market condition, which remains uncertain and volatile due to its dependence on a variety of variants, companies have to look for appropriate strategies to cushion the risks and set off possible failures in the market. Thus, they have to integrate all possible management concepts in their day to day functioning to ensure their smooth operation and optimizing their potential in the marketplace. This becomes especially relevant in the case of companies in the hospitality and hotel industries because of their unique characteristics that make them susceptible to seasonal fluctuations apart from conditions that apply to other industries. Similarly, some of the major management concepts that are being integrated to other industries are not being implemented in hospitality industry. A good example of this is Knowledge Management (KM), which emerged in the recent years as a management concept to enable companies to attain optimum efficien cy and â€Å"sustainable advantage† over their competitors (Isa et al 2008:103). Hotels need to explicitly manage their â€Å"intellectual capital† by incorporating knowledge management principles into their day to day functioning (103). With the advancement in information and communication technologies, major changes have occurred in all spheres of management, to stay compatible to the ever evolving technologies and to update employees with the emerging innovations. Similarly, there is an imperative requirement for employees engaged in the hospitality industry to keep themselves abreast of the latest developments in technology and other fields so that they can understand the effects of such changes in different â€Å"elements of business† and easily adapt to the changes occurring the society around them (Carina Antonia Hallin & Einar Marnburg 2007). Christensen (2003) argues that in the recent years, knowledge has become the significant component of business op erations to achieve as well as â€Å"sustain competitive advantages† (2). He defines knowledge management as process that involves several â€Å"mechanisms and structures† necessary to handle knowledge as well as understanding various aspects and stakeholders of such knowledge that one pursues (3). In the backdrop of a dramatic

Christianity and mathematics Essay Example for Free

Christianity and mathematics Essay This paper deals with interrelation between Christianity and mathematics. It has been observed that God is the creator of this universe and He is also the creator of our various mathematical formulae and deductions. Like Universe and God, they are also eternal and cannot be ever destroyed. The paper has also described how Christianity has described the relation between God and our numeric system, which is the basic foundation of Mathematics. Christianity and mathematics 3 Link between Christianity and mathematics – philosophical aspect Let us consider the formulae for earths mass distribution, orbital path of celestial bodies and population fluctuation. They are simple mathematical formulae that describe the creation of this universe and humanity. According to Christianity, who is the creator of this Earth? It is none than the God himself. Jonathan Zderad (2003) has stated in the article written in the website http://www. acmsonline. org/Zderad-creationism. pdf that universe, that is the creation of God is hardwired by the laws of mathematics. If one have a look at the theorems of mathematics, it seemed that they were true before time began and will continue to be true after time lapses. Jonathan has mentioned this in his article in the above mentioned website. Mathematics exists beyond human thought and logic. Christianity believes that only God can create such things which are eternal and divine. Jonathan (2003) has mentioned in his article that mathematics existed beyond time and space. According to Christianity, only God, the supreme power behind this human existence can exist beyond time and space. It is very much clear from the Biblical records that god gives value to numbers. To quote from the above mentioned website, â€Å"For Christians, God’s counting is what gives the believer a place in heaven. Jesus compared himself to a shepherd who leaves the ninety-nine sheep to rescue one sheep that is lost. He values each and every one of us. † (p. 6). Jonathan Zderad (2003). The Holy Bible has drawn many references from the numeric system of mathematics. How Christianity is linked to basic numeric system of mathematics Jonathan (2003) has also described in the above mentioned article how Christianity is Christianity and mathematics 4 related to our numeric system. The author has described that while the Number represents unity, number 2 is the symbol of fellowship and number 3 representing the community. The author states that these numbers represent spiritual qualities. The author has stated in the article that Bible has enough indications that it is God who has created the series of integers, rational and irrational numbers and real numbers. Jonathan has argued in the article that Bible has strong reference to the concept of counting. Numbers were generally used to describe dimension while building a place of worship. How Creation of God is linked with creation of mathematics The author has also suggested in the above article that there is a clear view of Christian view of Mathematics, which is described as creationism. Creationism has got four aspects. The first one is continuity. God makes his own creation in such a way that it is continuous. The second aspect is activity. The author has stated that he has created all these mathematical entities out of his own mental divine activities. The third one has been described as the abstract object inclusive. To quote, â€Å"As a general rule, theists would include mental objects and spiritual objects in the list of God’s invisible creation. Creationism also includes abstract objects like propositions, relations, and universals in this list of God’s invisible creation†. (p7). Jonathan Zderad (2003). The fourth one is that it is mathematically inclusive. It believes that Mathematical objects are created by God and they have an eternal quality, which can only proceed from the mind of God. Christianity and mathematics 5 Reference Zderad, Jonathan. (2003) Creationism – A Viable Philosophy of Mathematics. www. acms. org. Retrieved on 15th December, 2008, from http://www. acmsonline. org/Zderad-creationism. pdf

Changing Environment And Its Impact On Business Information Technology Essay

Changing Environment And Its Impact On Business Information Technology Essay With the emergence of internet, business organization of 20th century has undergone structural, cultural and qualitative change, the way business is done and a new organization structure has emerged known as E business enterprise. E business enterprise enables employees, professionals, terms, groups, vendors, customers to perform business operations through electronic exchange of data and information anywhere at any time. The business operations are performed through E communication and collaboration initiatives. Therefore, E business enterprise has a global market, reach, source and global competition. Due to extensive use of technology, the enterprise is now called a digital firm. The business process are conducted through enterprise software like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management) and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) supported by data warehouse, decision support system, knowledge management and content management system. Information Technology (IT) consists of computer hardware, software, data and storage technology, and networks along with the human resources required to operate the technology. The managers and employees directly interact with these systems, it is important for the company now and in the future that the information architecture and IT infrastructure meet the business requirements of the company and that the systems can work together where needed. An Information System (IS) as interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. An Inofrmation System (IS) can be any organised combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization The Field of Information Systems encompasses many complex technologies abstract behavioral concepts, and specialized application in countless business and nonbusiness areas. The figure beside Illustrates a useful conceptual framework that organizes the knowledge presented in the text and outlines what you need to know about information system. For Detailed Information Students are requested to refer MIS by James A OBrien Page 6 7 This framework Outlines the Major areas of Information Systems Knowledge needed by business professionals The Three Major roles of the business applications of information systems. Information system provides an organization with support for business processes and operations, decision making, and competitive advantage Support Business Process and Operations: As a consumer, you regularly encounter information system that supports the business process and operations at the many retail stores where you shop. For example most retail stores now use computer based information system to help them record customer purchases, keep track of inventory, pay employees, buy new merchandise, and evaluate sales trends. Store operations would grind to a halt without the support of such information system Support Decision Making: Information System also help store managers and other business professionals make better decision. For Example, decisions on what lines of merchandise need to be added or discontinued, or on what kind of investment they require, are typically made after an analysis provide by computer based information systems. This not only supports the decision making of stores managers, buyers and other, but also helps them look for ways to gain an advantage over other retailers in the competition for customers. Support Competitive Advantage: Gaining a strategic advantage over competitors requires innovative application of information technologies. For example, store management might make a decision to install touch screen kiosks in all of their stores, with link to their e-commerce web site for online shopping. This might attract new customers and build customer loyalty because of the case of shopping and buying merchandise provide by such information system. Thus, strategic information systems can help provide products and services that give a business a comparative advantage over its competitors. DATA INFORMATION AND ITS ATTRIBUTES D:Projectsken pptslides imageslaudonf01-02.gif Data: Streams of raw facts representing events such as business transactions Information: Clusters of facts those are meaningful and useful to human beings in the processes such as making decisions The Features / Attributes / Characteristics of Information Improves representation of an entity Updates the level of Knowledge Has a surprise value Reduces uncertainty Aids in decision making Three activities in an information system produce the information that organizations need to make decision, control operations, analyze problem and create new products or services. These activities are input, processing and output. Input Captures or collects raw data from within the organization of from its external environment. Processing converts this raw input into a meaningful form. Output transfers the processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for activities for which it will be used. Information system also require feedback, which is output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stageD:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf01-03.gif CLASSIFICATION OF THE INFORMATION The information can be classified in a number of ways provide to a better understanding. John Dearden of Harvard University classifies information in the following manner. Action Versus No-action Information Recurring Versus Non-recurring information Internal Versus External Information Planning Information Control Information Knowledge Information Organizational Information Database information Functional or Operational information Action Versus No-action Information: The information which induces action is called as action information. The information which communicates only the status of a situation is a no-action information. No stock report calling a purchase action is an action information but the stock ledger showing the store transactions and the stock balance is a No-action information. Recurring versus non recurring information: The information generated at regular intervals is recurring information. The monthly sales reports, the stock statements, the trial balance, etc are recurring information. The financial analysis or the report on the market research study is non recurring information. Internal versus External information: the information generated through the internal sources of the organization is termed as an internal information, while the information generated through the government reports, the industry surveys, etc is termed as an external information, as the sources of the data are outside the organization. Planning information: certain standards, norms and specification are used in the planning of any activity. Hence, such information is called the planning information. The time standards, the operational standards, the design standards are the examples of the planning information. Control information: Reporting the status of an activity through a feedback mechanism is called the control information. When such information shows a deviation from the goal or the objective, it will induce a decision or an action leading to control. Knowledge Information: A collection of information through the library reports and the research studies to build up a knowledge base as an information source for decision making is known as knowledge information. Such a collection is not directly connected to decision making, but the need of knowledge is perceived as a power or a strength of the organization. Organization Information: When the information is used y everybody in the organization, it is called as organization information. Database Information: When the information has a multiple use and application, it is called the database information Functional or the operational information: When the information is used in the operations of a business it is called functional or the operational information. Module 2 Transaction processing systems (TPS) are basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization by recording the daily routine transactions required to conduct business, such as payroll and sales receipts. Transactional Processing system is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Examples of TPS are order entry system, cheque processing system, accounts receivable systems, accounts payable systems and ticket reservation systems. These systems help any company to conduct operations and keep track of its activities. TPS was first developed in the year 1950s in accounting departments of major corporations. It is the oldest type of information system and can be called as the work horse of the information system industry for the last 50 years.D:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf02-02.gif The principal purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. How many parts are in inventory? What happened to Mr. Williams payment? To answer these kind of questions, information generally must be easily available, current, and accurate. At the operational level, tasks resources, and goals are predefined and highly structured. The decision to grant credit to a customer, for instance, is made by a lower level supervisor according to predefined criteria. All that must be determined is whether the customer meets the criteria H:mis10eimagesimg02_06.jpg The figure illustrated beside is transaction processing system. Managers need TPS to monitor the status of internal operations and the firms the external environment. TPS are also major producers of information for the other types of system TPS are often so central to a business that TPS failure for few hours can lead to a firms demise and perhaps that of other firms linked to it. Imagine what would the airlines do without their computerized reservation system? Transaction processing is the set of procedures for handling the transactions. Common Activities in transaction processing include: Calculation Classification Sorting Storage Summarization Types of Functional categories of TPS Systems D:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf02-04.gif Management Information System The MIS has More than one Definition, some of which are given below: The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision making in the organization. The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing the information to support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization. The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the organization evolved for the purpose of providing information to the people in the organization. The MIS is defined as a computer based information system. It serve middle managers interests by providing current and historical performance information to aid in planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular reports on the companys basic operations. Middle Management needs systems to help with monitoring, controlling, decision making, and administrative activities. The principal question addressed by such systems is this: Are things working well? In any organization, small or big, a major portion of the time goes in data collection processing, documenting and communication it to the people. Hence, a major portion of the overheads goes into this kind of unproductive work in the organization. Every individual in an organization is continuously looking for some information which is needed to perform his / her task. Hence, the information is people oriented and it varies with the nature of the people in t he organization. Role of the Management Information System. The system ensures that an appropriate data is collected for the various sources, processed and sent further to all the need destinations. The system is expected to fulfill the information needs of an individual, a group of individuals, the management functionaries: the managers and the top management. The MIS satisfies the diverse needs through a variety of systems such as query systems, analysis system, modeling systems and decision support system MIS helps in strategic planning , management control, operational control and transactional processing The MIS helps the clerical personnel in the transaction processing and answers their queries on the data pertaining to the transaction, that status of a particular record and references on a variety of documents The MIS plays the role of information generation, communication, problem identification and helps in the process of decision making. The MIS, therefore, plays a vital role in the management, administration and operations of an organization. Decision Support systemH:mis10eimagesimg02_08.jpg DSS is an interactive computer based system which facilitates the solution of unstructured problem. Scott Morton Defined Decision Support system as Interactive computer based systems, which help decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problem It supports non routine decision making for middle management. They focus on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, for which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined in advance. They try answering questions such as these: what would be the impact on production scheduled if we were to double sales in the month of December? What would happen to our return on investment if a factory schedule were delayed for six months? Although DSS are internal information from TPS and MIS they often bring in information from external sources, such as current stock prices or product prices of competitors. These systems use a variety of models to analyze data, or they condense large amounts of data into a form in which decision makers can analyze them. DSS Characteristics of DSS Ability to support the solution of complex problem Fast response to unexpected situations that result in changed inputs Designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semi structured, complex problems May be constructed to support one time decisions DSS is typically designed for either a particular decision maker or a group of decision makers Allows the decision makers to interact in a natural manner due to careful design of the interface It is a way to organize information intended for use in decision making Ability to quickly and objectively try different strategies under different configurations Other Characteristics: Cost Savings Improving managerial effectiveness Extensive range of support to management Support of individual / group Graphic Display Designed and run managers; incorporated data and models Attributes of Decision Support system Flexibility: The system are flexible so that any semi structured or unstructured decision making sitation can be tackled with ease and speed Simple models: The systems use simple models of decision making. The only change is that a different set of information is sought for the use of different models. The choice of a model depends upon the complexity of decision making Database: the decision support system needs database(s). The system calls for several inputs from database(s) from decision making. The use of information being common, input to the system is from the database Types of Decision Support System Status inquiry system: The number of decisions in the operational management and some at the middle management are such that they are based on one or two aspects of a decision making situations. It does not call for any elaborate computations, analysis, choice, etc. for decision making. If the status is known, the decision is automatic, i.e., the status and solution is unique relation Data analysis system: These Decision systems are based on comparative analysis, and use of a formula or an algorithm. But these processes are not structured and, therefore vary. The cash flow analysis, the inventory analysis and the personal inventory system are examples of the analysis systems. The use of simple data processing tools and business roles are required to develop this system. Information analysis system: In this system, the data is analyzed and information reports are generated. The reports might be having exceptions as a feature. The decision makers use these reports for assessment of the situation for decision making. The sales analysis, the accounts receivable systems, the market research analysis, the MRP systems are examples of the systems. Accounting System: These systems are not necessarily required for decision making but they are desirable to keep track of the major aspects of the business or a function. The contents of these systems are more data processing leading to formal reporting, with exceptions, if necessary. These systems account items such as cash, inventory, personnel and so on and relate it to a norm or norms developed by the management, for control and decision Model based systems: These systems are simulation model or optimization models for decisions making. These decisions, generally, are one time and infrequent and provide general guidelines for operation or management, the product mix decision, the material mix, the job scheduling rules, and the resource or asset or facilities planning systems are the examples. Executive Support System These are management information systems tailored to benefit the strategic information needs of the top management / senior executive. ESS summarizes and presents data at the highest levels of aggregation. Usually, they involve presenting reports in standard formats and they often involve graphics. ESS is the newest of the five categories of MIS. They have had the least acceptance of the five types. The reason being that most executives started their careers prior to widespread use of computer. Executive Support systems provide critical information from a wide variety of internal and external sources in easy to use displays to executives and managers. For example, top executive may use touch screen terminals to instantly view text and graphics displays that highlight key areas of organizational and competitive performance What are the characteristics of MIS? How do MIS differ from TPS? From DSS? MIS supports the management level by providing routine summary reports and exception reports for various purposes, including planning, controlling, and decision making. Examples include sales and profit per customer and per region, relocation summary and analysis, inventory control, capital investment analysis, and even a report on students who were here in the autumn but did not to return in the spring. MIS differs from TPS in that MIS deals with summarized and compressed data from the TPS and sometimes analysis of that summarized data. Decision-support systems provide material for analysis for the solution of semi-structured problems, which often are unique or rapidly changing. Typically, they provide the ability to do what if analysis. While MIS have an internal orientation, DSS will often use data from external sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS. DSS supports right now analysis rather than the long-term structured analysis of MIS. MIS are generally not flexible and provide little analytical capabilities. In contrast, DSS are designed for analytical purposes and are flexible. What are the characteristics of DSS? How do they differ from those of ESS? DSS provide sophisticated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision-making activities. DSS use data from TPS, MIS, and external sources, provide more analytical power than other systems, combine data, and are interactive. ESS support senior managers with unstructured strategic-level decision making. They may be less analytical than DSS with less use of models such as linear programming or forecasting. However, they often rely on external data and rely heavily on graphics. Describe the relationship between TPS, office systems, KWS, MIS, DSS, and ESS. The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. TPS are operational-level systems that collect transaction data. Examples of these are payroll or order processing that track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. TPS provide data that are required by office systems, KWS, MIS and DSS, although these systems may also use other data. KWS and office systems not only use data from TPS but also from MIS. DSS not only use data from TPS but also from KWS, office systems, and MIS. MIS rely heavily on data from TPS but also use data from KWS and office systems. ESS obtains most of their internal data from MIS and DSS.